img

Broussonetia papyrifera

(L.) Vent. (1799)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Rosales Family: Moraceae Genus: Broussonetia

paper mulberry, po‘a‘aha [poaaha], wauke, wauke lau nui, wauke mālolo

img

Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Fast–growing shrubby trees up to ca. 5(–10) m tall.

Stems: Branches hirsute.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate or opposite. Blades ovate, usually 5–20 cm long, 8–12 cm wide. Apex acuminate. Base rounded to cordate. Upper surfaces scabrous; lower surfaces soft pubescent. Margins unlobed or variously 1–5-lobed, often with much variation on a single plant. Petiolate. Stipules ovate to broadly lanceolate, membranous, caducous.

Flowers: Flowers in compact, axillary cymes, staminate inflorescences nodding, densely flowered spikes, spicate, ca. 3–8 cm long, pistillate inflorescences globose heads, ca. 1–1.2 cm in diameter, clavate bracts ca. 2 mm long exserted from the clusters. Flowers small, unisexual (and the plants dioecious). actinomorphic. Calyx of staminate flowers with 4 sepals, connate in lower ½; Calyx of pistillate flowers bladder-shaped. Corolla (petals) absent. Stamens 4, inflexed in bud, absent in pistillate flowers; anthers dithecal, dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary superior (pistilate flowers), sessile, 2-carpellate; ovules 1 per cell; style 1(2), filiform; minute pistillode present in staminate flowers.

Fruit: Mature fruit not observed in Hawai'i; fruit a syncarp. Seeds ovoid; somewhat compressed; 1.7–2.5 mm long; endocarp crustaceous to ligneous; embryo curved.

Ploidy: 2n = 26

Habitat: Mesic valleys; especially along streambeds.

Elevation Range: 15–750 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

img

Synonyms (36)

Broussonetia billardii Carruth. (1878)
Broussonetia cordata K.Koch (1873)
Broussonetia cucullata Steud. (1840)
Broussonetia dissecta Bureau (1873)
Broussonetia elegans K.Koch (1873)
Broussonetia kasii Dippel (1892)
Broussonetia kazi Siebold ex Blume (1856)
Broussonetia maculata Steud. (1840)
Broussonetia nana Bureau (1873)
Broussonetia navicularis Lodd. ex Bureau (1873)
Broussonetia navifolia Steud. (1840)
Broussonetia papyrifera f. laciniata (Ser.) Schelle (1903)
Broussonetia papyrifera f. leucocarpa (Audib. ex Ser.) Rehder (1949)
Broussonetia papyrifera f. lucida (Hatus.) T.B.Lee (1966)
Broussonetia papyrifera f. oppositifolia Nakai (1932)
Broussonetia papyrifera f. variegata (Ser.) Schelle (1903)
Broussonetia papyrifera var. cucullata Ser. (1855)
Broussonetia papyrifera var. integrifolia Miq.
Broussonetia papyrifera var. japonica Blume (1856)
Broussonetia papyrifera var. laciniata Ser. (1855)
Broussonetia papyrifera var. leucocarpa Audib. ex Ser. (1855)
Broussonetia papyrifera var. lucida Hatus. (1934)
Broussonetia papyrifera var. normalis Ser. (1855)
Broussonetia papyrifera var. variegata Ser. (1855)
Broussonetia spathulata Steud. (1840)
Broussonetia tricolor K.Koch (1873)
Morus australis Poir. (1797)
Morus papyrifera L. (1753)
Papyrius japonica Lam. (1804)
Papyrius papyrifera (L.) Kuntze (1891)
Papyrius papyriferus
Papyrius polymorphus Cav. (1802)
Smithiodendron artocarpoideum Hu (1936)
Stenochasma ancolanum Miq. (1851)
Streblus cordatus Lour. (1790)
Trophis cordata (Lour.) Poir. (1808)

Uses and Culture

USES

  • Preferred source of fibers for making kapa (Abbott 1992: 50–52; Krauss 1993:60; Pang 1992). Kapa used for clothing (malo, pau, kihei) as well as blankets (Abbott 1992:49; Malo 1951:48); and burial coverings (Krauss 1993:121). In addition, pieces of kapa used in a multitude of ways: as decoration on ipu headgear (Abbott 1992:116), sewn as borders on feathered capes and cloaks (Krauss 1993:73–74), made into balls for games (Krauss 1993:91); used for hiding sticks in games (Krauss 1993:92–93), used as flags or banners on heiau (Abbott 1992:17), as wicks in lamps (Abbott 1992:77), for kite tails (Krauss 1993:89), coverings on uliuli (hula rattles) (Krauss 1993:82), tied as loop handles on ipu heke (gourd drums) (Krauss 1993:83), as bandages (Krauss 1993:102), and in making holua (sleds) (Abbott 1992:130). The raw bark was twisted or beaten into cordage (Summers 1990:67–68). In the Ethnology Collection at Bishop Museum there are examples of cordage made of twisted wauke.

  • Wauke shoots are used to treat ‘ea and pa‘ao‘ao in adults. The young shoots are eaten, followed by mature niu (coconut, Cocos nucifera), a piece of broiled kalo (taro, Colocasia esculenta), and water. As purgative, wauke malolo is mixed with niu water and the liquid from a broiled and cooked ipu‘aiwaha (watermelon, Citrullus lanatus) (Chun 1994:253–254).

CULTURE

  • Myth of Maikoha (Beckwith 1970:100).

  • Kinolau of Kāne.

PROPAGATION/CULTIVATION

  • Transplant root suckers (Nagata 1992).

Natural History

Statewide Status

Only found in cultivation

Island Status

Ni'ihau(Incl. Lehua) Only found in cultivation
Kaua'i Only found in cultivation
O'ahu Only found in cultivation
Molokai Only found in cultivation
Lana'i Only found in cultivation
Kaho'olawe Only found in cultivation
Maui Only found in cultivation
Hawai'i Only found in cultivation

Dispersal Agents


Vegetative Reproduction

Pollinators

Bibliography

Name Published In: Tabl. Règn. Vég. 3: 547 (1799)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:924 (Ni, K, O, Mo, L, M, Ka, H); Staples & Herbst 2005:404 (DESCR); Whistler 2009:49 (exclude from checklist, plants found on landscape are relicts of former cult. as only males are known from Polynesia)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Broussonetia papyrifera Hilo HUMAN_OBSERVATION Friday, J.B. Hawaii 5/18/2008
2 Broussonetia papyrifera Halulu Lake, N side, thicket in gulch Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 22739 Niihau BISH 1947-08-12
3 Broussonetia papyrifera Waianae Range, Waianae Kai. In subgulch, N of second to the last water tank-facility and against cliff In 45 degree slope and drier terrain. Preserved_Specimen Obata, J.K. Oahu BISH 1991-01-22
4 Broussonetia papyrifera unknown Preserved_Specimen BISH
5 Broussonetia papyrifera East Maui, Makawao District, Haiku, Waiohiwi Stream, mauka of Piiholo, on E side of stream On steep, rocky slope. Vegetation: Disturbed riparian zone betw pastures, dominated by Aleurites, Fraxinus, Schinus, Ficus, Coffea, Dioscorea, Hedychium, Setaria palmifolia. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 80202 Maui BISH 2002-08-03
6 Broussonetia papyrifera Kealia, thicket on steep pali Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 17646 Oahu BISH 1936-11-08
7 Broussonetia papyrifera Ohikilolo Valley near road; talus of cliffs Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8684 Oahu BISH 1931-09-06
8 Broussonetia papyrifera central Lualualei, below Kanehoa Valley 10 forest Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 3719 Oahu BISH 1932-06-29
9 Broussonetia papyrifera Kohala dry forest Preserved_Specimen Christensen, Mrs.C. 4 Hawaii BISH 1963-09-03
10 Broussonetia papyrifera Wailau Valley, Elealii [sp?], near head of Waiokane [sp?] Stream on steep slope Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 80505 Molokai BISH 2005-08-12
11 Broussonetia papyrifera N.Kona, Puuanahulu near native dwelling with Opuntia tuna Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 3663 Hawaii BISH 1909-06-17
12 Broussonetia papyrifera Wawaia Valley, 2nd E gulch arid talus at mouth of small gully Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8688 Molokai BISH 1928-06-27
13 Broussonetia papyrifera Kealia trail talus; grove of Sapindus oahuensis Preserved_Specimen Hatheway, W.H. 276 Oahu BISH 1950-06-25
14 Broussonetia papyrifera Puuhonua o Honaunau National Historical Park, by Visitor Center and main ruins exotic vegetation Preserved_Specimen Higashino, P.K. 10321 Hawaii BISH 1984-04-08
15 Broussonetia papyrifera Waimea District. Waimea Canyon, Napali-Kona Forest Reserve, Koaia Canyon, below Lonomea Camp, below main trail 20 ft and up from river about 50 ft. Degraded Diverse Mesic Aleurites dominant Forest W/Aleurites, Psydrax odorata, Psidium guajava, Lantana, Dracaena aurea, Coffea arabica, Melia, Sigesbeckia orientalis, Kalanchoe, Rubus rosifolius, Nephrolepis, Hyptis pectinata, Kalanchoe pinnata. Preserved_Specimen Tangalin, N. 2025 Kauai BISH 2009-06-04
16 Broussonetia papyrifera Kilauea, Apua edge of kukui grove Preserved_Specimen Fagerlund, G.O. 1214 Hawaii BISH 1945-11-01
17 Broussonetia papyrifera Lualualei Valley dry Lantana covered plain Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8685 Oahu BISH 1932-05-01
18 Broussonetia papyrifera East Maui, Makawao District, Ulupalakua, near lava in arid region Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8694 Maui BISH 1927-08-07
19 Broussonetia papyrifera Wawaia Valley, 2nd E gulch arid talus at mouth of small gully Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8688 Molokai BISH 1928-06-27
20 Broussonetia papyrifera Kalaupapa Trail, near bottom rocky kukui grove Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 25167 Molokai BISH 1959-04-03
21 Broussonetia papyrifera Hills E of Kawaihapai arid talus Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8683 Oahu BISH 1931-04-12
22 Broussonetia papyrifera Kalaupapa Trail Hibiscus and Aleurites forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 25244 Molokai BISH 1953-12-25
23 Broussonetia papyrifera West Maui, Lahaina District, Launiupoko Valley. On steep ridge on north side of stream. Vegetation: Aleurites, Cordyline, Psidium, Lantana, Microlepia, Pisonia, Acacia, Bidens, Ureara, Pipturus, Myrsine, Antidesma, Coprosma, Passiflora, Ipomoea, Carex, Alyxia, Asplenium. Preserved_Specimen Oppenheimer, H.L. 81004 Maui BISH 2010-08-24
24 Broussonetia papyrifera Hills east of Kawaihapai arid talus Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8686 Oahu BISH 1929-01-27
25 Broussonetia papyrifera Hahaione Valley dry slopes Preserved_Specimen Christophersen, E. 1628 Oahu BISH 1931-02-25
26 Broussonetia papyrifera Waimea District. Waimea Canyon, Napali-Kona Forest Reserve, Koaia Canyon, below Lonomea Camp, lower Kawaiiki Valley, along stream West of a Small falls Preserved_Specimen Tangalin, N. 3096 Kauai BISH 2012-04-09
27 Broussonetia papyrifera Kalaupapa Trail Hibiscus and Aleurites forest Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 25244 Molokai BISH 1953-12-25
28 Broussonetia papyrifera Waianae Kai, on floor of gulch on floor of gulch Preserved_Specimen Obata, J.K. Oahu BISH 1992-05-31
29 Broussonetia papyrifera Bishop Museum, on the border to the drive to the car parking area Preserved_Specimen Canosa, R. 5 Oahu BISH 1993-03-08
30 Broussonetia papyrifera Bishop Museum courtyard cultivated. Preserved_Specimen van Royen, P. Oahu BISH 1979-05-07
31 Broussonetia papyrifera W of Ualapue gulch; wet rocky woods near stream Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8637 Molokai BISH 1928-06-30
32 Broussonetia papyrifera Kamanele Park, Honolulu rocks Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 8682 Oahu BISH 1930-09-30
33 Broussonetia papyrifera Bishop Museum courtyard cultivated. Preserved_Specimen van Royen, P. Oahu BISH 1979-05-07
34 Broussonetia papyrifera Napoopoo Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. 1274 Hawaii BISH 1924-04-07
35 Broussonetia papyrifera Halemanu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 2380 Kauai BISH 1909-02-14
36 Broussonetia papyrifera Kamehameha Girls' School, Honolulu Preserved_Specimen Grant, M.L. 7129 Oahu BISH 1934-07-31
37 Broussonetia papyrifera Waianae Mts Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 17052 Oahu BISH 1918-04-01
38 Broussonetia papyrifera Halemanu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 2373 Kauai BISH 1909-02-14
39 Broussonetia papyrifera Paaiki Valley, Kokee. Growing on valley floor below and slightly makai of Kokia Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 1975 Kauai BISH 1971-07-04
40 Broussonetia papyrifera Maunalei Gulch Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 24290 Lanai BISH 1957-08-16
41 Broussonetia papyrifera Puuanahulu Settlement Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 3739 Hawaii BISH 1909-06-17
42 Broussonetia papyrifera Bernice P. Bishop Museum, on the border to the drive to the car parking area Preserved_Specimen Pham, L. 5 Oahu BISH 1993-03-08
43 Broussonetia papyrifera East Maui, Hana District, Kahanu Garden of NTBG, at base of heiau, ethanobotanical plantings near bamboo clump Preserved_Specimen Lorence, D.H. 7669 Maui BISH 1995-05-15
44 Broussonetia papyrifera Napoopoo Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. 1273 Hawaii BISH 1924-04-07
45 Broussonetia papyrifera Napoopoo Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. 1273 Hawaii BISH 1924-04-07
46 Broussonetia papyrifera UH Manoa, Botany courtyard Preserved_Specimen Abbott, I.A. 16010 Oahu BISH 1981-10-23
47 Broussonetia papyrifera Lapakahi, Kohala Preserved_Specimen Annesley, R. 15974 Hawaii BISH 1981-10-12
48 Broussonetia papyrifera Kamehameha Girls' School, Honolulu Preserved_Specimen Grant, M.L. 7129 Oahu BISH 1934-07-31
49 Broussonetia papyrifera Hawaii Preserved_Specimen Emory, K.P. 1 Hawaii BISH 1924-03-01
50 Broussonetia papyrifera Punaluu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 1304 Hawaii BISH 1909-02-05
51 Broussonetia papyrifera Koolau Poko District, Mokapu Peninsula Marine Corps Base Hawaii, Kaneohe Bay. Eastern side of PuuHawaiiloa Preserved_Specimen Herbst, D.R. 9806 Oahu BISH 1997-01-09
52 Broussonetia papyrifera Hanapepe Valley, thicket at base of basalt talus Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 24892 Kauai BISH 1952-12-27
53 Broussonetia papyrifera Napoopoo Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. 1274 Hawaii BISH 1924-04-07
54 Broussonetia papyrifera Honolulu, Bishop Museum courtyard Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 26709 Oahu BISH 1965-06-10
55 Broussonetia papyrifera Hookena, S Kona Preserved_Specimen Emory, K.P. 1272 Hawaii BISH 1924-04-14
56 Broussonetia papyrifera Kaiholena Valley Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 9 Lanai BISH 1913-06-01
57 Broussonetia papyrifera UH Botany Dept. courtyard Preserved_Specimen Abbott, I.A. 16010 Oahu BISH 1981-11-11
58 Broussonetia papyrifera Punaluu Mt Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 1343 Oahu BISH 1909-02-02
59 Broussonetia papyrifera Honolulu, Kamehameha Girls' School Preserved_Specimen Grant, M.L. 7129 Oahu BISH 1934-07-31
60 Broussonetia papyrifera Aukuu Hill, bench at foot Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 299 Lanai BISH 1914-03-04
61 Broussonetia papyrifera Kohala, Lapakahi State Park Preserved_Specimen Annesley, R. 15974 Hawaii BISH 1981-10-12
62 Broussonetia papyrifera Kauai Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 2548 Kauai BISH
63 Broussonetia papyrifera Punaluu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 1312 Hawaii BISH 1909-02-09
64 Broussonetia papyrifera Haao Valley, on basalt cliff of small gorge Preserved_Specimen St.John, H. 23638 Niihau BISH 1949-04-01
65 Broussonetia papyrifera Napoopoo Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. 1273 Hawaii BISH 1924-04-07
66 Broussonetia papyrifera Bishop Museum, courtyard behind Hawaiian Hall Preserved_Specimen Staples, G.W. 1143 Oahu BISH 1997-04-20
67 Broussonetia papyrifera Napoopoo Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. 1274 Hawaii BISH 1924-04-07
68 Broussonetia papyrifera At the foot of Hanapepe Valley Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 5848 Kauai BISH 1909-09-28
69 Broussonetia papyrifera Waiakeakua Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 136 Lanai BISH 1927-07-16
70 Broussonetia papyrifera Kohala, Lapakahi State Park Preserved_Specimen Annesley, R. 15975 Hawaii BISH 1981-10-12
71 Broussonetia papyrifera Puuanahulu Settlement Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 3739 Hawaii BISH 1909-06-17
72 Broussonetia papyrifera Kohala, Lapakahi State Park Preserved_Specimen Annesley, R. 15974 Hawaii BISH 1981-10-12
73 Broussonetia papyrifera Kaluaaha Valley Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 360 Molokai BISH 1912-08-01
74 Broussonetia papyrifera Waiopai, S. Slope of Haleakala Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1850 Maui BISH 1920-03-05
75 Broussonetia papyrifera UH Manoa, Botany courtyard Preserved_Specimen Abbott, I.A. 16362 Oahu BISH 1983-10-10
76 Broussonetia papyrifera Aukuu Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 46 Lanai BISH 1914-03-04
77 Broussonetia papyrifera Halemanu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 1585 Kauai BISH 1909-02-14
78 Broussonetia papyrifera Vineyard St. Nursery Preserved_Specimen Caum, E.L. Oahu BISH 1937-01-04
79 Broussonetia papyrifera Honolulu, Kamehameha Girls' School Preserved_Specimen Rockwood, P. Oahu BISH 1955-07-05
80 Broussonetia papyrifera Honolulu, Kamehameha Girls' School Preserved_Specimen Rankin, P. Oahu BISH 1936-07-03
81 Broussonetia papyrifera Foot of mountain on W side Preserved_Specimen Stokes, J.F.G. Niihau BISH 1912-01-01
82 Broussonetia papyrifera Honolulu, courtyard of Bishop Museum Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1964-04-01
83 Broussonetia papyrifera Honolulu Preserved_Specimen Bryan, W.A. Oahu BISH 1903-12-02
84 Broussonetia papyrifera Honolulu, Kamehameha Girls' School Preserved_Specimen Rankin, P. Oahu BISH 1936-07-03
85 Broussonetia papyrifera Makaliha Valley Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. Oahu BISH 1918-04-01
86 Broussonetia papyrifera Hoolehua Kii, Kalaupapa Preserved_Specimen Pekelo Jr., N. Molokai BISH 1972-03-09
87 Broussonetia papyrifera Kamehameha Schools, Honolulu Preserved_Specimen Mitchell, D.D. Oahu BISH 1956-01-27
88 Broussonetia papyrifera Foot of mountain on W side Preserved_Specimen Stokes, J.F.G. Niihau BISH 1912-01-01
89 Broussonetia papyrifera Hoolehua Kii, Kalaupapa Preserved_Specimen Pekelo Jr., N. Molokai BISH 1972-03-09
90 Broussonetia papyrifera Molokai Preserved_Specimen Stokes, J.F.G. Molokai BISH 1909-01-01
91 Broussonetia papyrifera Waianae Mts Preserved_Specimen Bryan, L.W. Oahu BISH 1941-02-12
92 Broussonetia papyrifera Bishop Museum, on the border to the drive to the car parking area Preserved_Specimen Nunies, K. 3 Oahu BISH 1993-03-08
93 Broussonetia papyrifera Bishop Museum; Polynesian Garden Preserved_Specimen Aradanas, C. 4 Oahu BISH 1993-03-08
94 Broussonetia papyrifera Kaholuamanu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 1756 Kauai BISH 1909-03-03
95 Broussonetia papyrifera UH Manoa, Botany courtyard Preserved_Specimen Abbott, I.A. 17792 Oahu BISH 1986-05-27
Back to Top